【今日句子】

The problem with this line of thinking is that once you start contemplating all the ways that cultural biases can seep into the science, it doesn’t stop at dairy-based desserts. If the ice-cream effect can be set aside, how should we think about other signals produced by the same research tools? It’s widely known that yogurt eaters on average are healthier, leaner, wealthier, better educated, more physically active, more likely to read labels, more likely to be female, and less likely to smoke or drink or eat Big Macs than never-yogurters.

思考题：

Yogurt eaters were mentioned to show that___.

A.ice-cream eaters do not care about their health

B.cultural biases distort results in both directions

C.dairy products are not as good as people believe

D.same research tools fail to produce same results

⏰ 选好答案，下滑查看解析

【句子解析】

第一句：

The problem with this line of thinking is that once you start contemplating all the ways that cultural biases can seep into the science,it doesn’t stop at dairy-based desserts.

参考译文：这种思路的问题在于，一旦你开始考虑文化偏见可能影响科学的所有方式，就不会止步于奶制品甜点。

第二句：

If the ice-cream effect can be set aside, how should we think about other signals produced by the same research tools?

参考译文：如果冰淇淋效应可以被放在一边，我们应该如何看待相同的研究工具生成的其他信号？

第三句：

It’s widely known that yogurt eaters on average are healthier, leaner, wealthier, better educated, more physicallyactive, more likely to read labels, more likely to be female, and less likely to smoke or drink or eat Big Macs than never-yogurters.

参考译文：众所周知，喝酸奶的人平均而言更健康、更苗条、更富有、受过更好的教育、更积极锻炼、更可能看食物标签、更有可能是女性，并且比从不吃酸奶的人更不可能吸烟、喝酒或吃巨无霸汉堡。

【答案及解析】

Yogurt eaters were mentioned to show that___.提到吃酸奶的人是为了表明___。A. ice-cream eaters do not care about their health（吃冰淇淋的人不关心他们的健康）B. cultural biases distort results in both directions（文化偏见会扭曲两个方向的结果）C. dairy products are not as good as people believe（奶制品没有人们相信的那么好）D. same research tools fail to produce same results（同样的研究工具不能产生同样的结果）

答案选B。今天的题目是一道例证题，要从结论入手。第一句话是结论，后面两句是例子，你就算后面一点也看不懂，也要知道第一句话是你要认同的。很多同学可能一句话都没搞明白，但是那就不做题了？所以关键就是找到结论句中的主干名词，也就是第一句话中的“cultural biases”，所以B一下子就能被选出来。

A选项，没谈到；C选项， 不是奶制品好，也不是奶制品不好，文章主要谈的还是一个偏见问题；D选项，根本没聊研究工具的问题。

【词汇总结】

line of thinking 思路

contemplating 沉思

cultural biases 文化偏见

seep into 渗入

dairy-based 以乳制品为基础

desserts n. 甜点

set aside 放在一边

signals n. 信号

research tools 研究工具

widely adv. 广泛地

yogurt n. 酸奶

on average 平均而言

leaner adj. 更瘦

physically adv. 身体上

labels n. 标签

Big Macs 巨无霸

never-yogurters 从不喝酸奶的人

【文章背景】

2018年，哈佛大学的一位博士生在毕业论文中呈现了一个非同寻常的结论：在糖尿病人中，每天吃半杯冰淇淋的人罹患心脏病的风险更低。毋庸置疑，这种论点——一种富含饱和脂肪和糖类的甜点可能有益于你的健康——让评审委员会中不少在美国营养学界最有影响力的专家们都忍不住眉毛上挑。然而，正如他在答辩时所说，这位学者在反复核查数据之后，没有发现任何可能导致误读的错误。而且，关于冰淇淋的可能“有益于”健康的研究并非第一次出现在科学文献中，先前也有一些实验出现了类似的结果。但无一例外，这些研究结果都被专家和研究者本人淡化或隐藏了，原因是他们担心这些反传统营养理念的结果一旦被媒体放大和过度解读，最终会对大众健康带来非常消极的影响。研究者们指出，这些实验基于的样本并不足够大，而且受试者可能因为“垃圾食品污名”而进行虚假陈述。这种思路的问题在于，偏见和谬误不仅影响了结果违背传统理念的实验，也会影响那些结果符合人们预期的研究，比如说酸奶对心脑血管系统的影响。我们应当如何看待科学研究和研究者们用既定理论体系过滤后的那些成果?

原文标题：

The Ice-cream Conspiracy（冰淇淋阴谋）

Source:

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【每日预习】

But the evidence base is far from unequivocal. A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, widely considered the gold standard when it comes to gathering reliable evidence, found that 80 per cent of them came down in favour of psychotherapy working to some degree. The problem is that only 7 per cent of the studies in question provided convincing evidence that psychotherapy is effective.