最常见的十大人类思维误区 on 2010年08月15日 by web

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人类的思维实在是一种很奇妙的东西。认知、行为或是思考的过程都是我们能够快速的处理大量信息。举个例子吧，我们睁着眼睛的时候，大脑通常都充斥着各种刺激，也许你在考虑一个特定的问题，但你的大脑却处理着数以千计的潜在意识。不幸的是，我们的认知能力并不是完美无缺的，常常容易判断错误，这就是心理学上说的认知偏差。这种偏差在每个人身上都会发生，与年龄、性别、教育程度、智力或者其他的因素无关。这些误区中有一些是很常见的，有些较罕见，但都很有趣。我敢保证，每个人都会发现犯过其中的错误（我自己就很容易犯），现在，你们会认识到在将来的什么时候会犯这些错误。

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第十

’s

格兰布勒的错误推断

The ’s is the to think that are by past , when in , they are not. , such as a heads when you flip a (fair) coin, are the same. The of a heads is 50%, it does not if you’ve tails the last 10 flips. that have is a bias, when . For , I am . The last four spins have on black, it has to be red this time right? Wrong! The of on red is still 47.37% (18 red spots by 38 total spots). This may sound , but this bias has many to lose money the have .

格兰布勒的错误推断就是指人们认为未来事情发生的概率会被过去的食物改变，这里并不是说特定的不会发生变化的概率，比如说抛硬币时人头朝上的概率。举个例子。如果我在玩轮盘赌，前四个转轮都是黑色，那最后一个一定就是红色对不对？当然错了！红色的概率仍然是47.37%（18/38）。也许在你看来这样的错误很明显，但就是这种意识的偏差让很多赌徒认为概率发生了改变。

第九

应激

is the of to act or when they know that they are being . In the 1920s, Works (a ) a study to see if of light . What they found was , the light to soar! , when the study was , to their . This was the in was not due to the light , but to the being . This a form of ; when know they are being , they are to their , to make look . is a in , and has to be in blind (“Blind” is when in a study are so as not to the ).

应激是指人们通常会在他人的注视下做出反常的行为或表情。在二十世纪二十年代，豪斯王工厂（一家设备制造工厂）出资进行了一项研究：工人的工作生产力会不会受灯光亮度的影响。研究的结果令他们大吃一惊，灯光亮度的调节使得生产力大大提高！然而不幸的是，当研究结束后，工人的生产力有下降到的原来的水平。这是因为，生产力的变化与灯光无关而与工人们被监视有关。这也解释应激的一种形式：当人们觉察到被注视时，就会激发他们通过改变行为使自己看起来更自然。应激反应是一个很严肃的问题，必须通过盲法对照来研究。（盲法就是为了不影响试验结果的真实性，参与实验的个人被隐瞒试验信息）

第八

空想性错现

is when or are as . in the of , Jesus on a hot , or when a is are of . The is that the is , it does not have ; the is in the ’s .

空想性错现是指将偶然的影像或声音当成必然。看到天上的云会觉得像是恐龙、耶稣或是在倒带的时候听到什么声音，着都是常见的空想性错现症状。这种症状的原理是：中立的外在刺激并没有特殊的内在意义，主要是在于观者的心理。

Fact: the test was to use to tap into ’s . are shown of , and asked to what they see. are to the ’s .

有趣的发现：罗斯查克-因克布罗特测试可以利用空想性错现患者的精神状态。研究者会给参与测验的人观看一些意义不明的图片，并让他们描述其所见，通过这些就可以分析出测验者的潜在想法。

第七

Self-

自我暗示

Self- is in that that . A self- is a that to true. For , I that I am going to do in , so I the I put into my and , and I end up doing , just as I . is ; I think my with my other is going to fail, so I start , away . of my , I cause the to fail. This is a tool used by “” – they an idea in your mind, and you make it you think it will.

自我暗示主要是指去确认已存在的看法获得结果的行为。自我暗示就是一种会让预兆变成现实的东西。比如说，我觉得我的学习会很差劲，于是，我就会不努力写功课、不认真学习，结果我的学业真的很差劲，和我想的一样。另一个常见的例子是与他人的关系，如果我认为我和对方的关系会恶化，我就会行为反常，变得情绪化，于是，我们的关系如期恶化。这种自我暗示的方法是通灵者惯用的伎俩，他们向你的脑子里灌输一种观点，最终你会将它实现。

Fact: are self- . a is 2 of Gross (GDP) , you know you are in a until you are at least 6 into one. , at the first sign of GDP, the media a , panic and start a chain of that cause a .

有趣的发现：经济衰退是一种自我暗示。因为国内生产总值（GDP）连续两季度下降才叫做经济衰退，也就是说至少要有六个月的时间你才会觉察出正处于衰退中。不幸的是，在GDP刚刚出现了一点下滑趋势的时候，媒体就报导了，而媒体的报道也引起了人们的恐慌，造成一一系列的连锁反应，最终结果是经济真的衰退了。

第六

Halo

光环效应

The Halo is the for an ’s or trait to “spill over” to other areas of their in ’ of them. This bias a lot in . For : my , Biff, has been late to work the past three days; I this and that Biff is lazy and does not care about his job. There are many why Biff was late, his car broke down, his did not show up, or there has been bad . The is, of one that may be out of Biff’s , I that he is a bad .

光环效应指的是一个人对于其他人看法是积极或消极的。这种效应经常发生在对雇员的评价上。比如，比弗是我的一名员工，我发现过去的三天他都迟到了，于是我觉得他是个懒鬼，对工作不负责任。但其实，有很多原因会导致他的迟到，也许他的车抛锚了，也许帮他照顾孩子的保姆没上班，有或者是天气缘故。但是，关键是他的迟到已经给我早长了不好的印象，于是我理所当然的认为比弗不是个好员工。

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