法美奥物理学家分享2022年诺贝尔物理学奖

北京时间2022年10月4日17时45分（斯德哥尔摩时间2022年10月4日11时45分），2022年诺贝尔物理学奖获奖名单公布，获奖者为：Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser 和 Anton Zeilinger.他们因“纠缠光子的实验，确立了对贝尔不等式的违反并开创量子信息科学”而获奖。

获奖者简介

Alain Aspect

法国物理学家

Alain Aspect 是法国物理学家， 出生于1947年，毕业于Cachan高等师范学校，1969年获得奥赛大学物理学硕士学位。巴黎萨克莱大学、帕莱索综合理工学院教授。以中性原子的雷射冷却、玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚、CHSH不等式与贝尔不等式的相关研究著称于世。

John F. Clauser

美国实验和理论物理学家

John F. Clauser，美国加州核桃溪J.F. Clauser Associates研究物理学家。1942年出生于美国加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳。1969年获得美国纽约哥伦比亚大学博士学位。以对量子力学的研究而出名，尤其是对CHSH不等式的研究贡献。

Anton Zeilinger

奥地利量子物理学家

奥地利量子物理学家，1945年出生于奥地利，1971年获奥地利维也纳大学博士学位。现为维也纳大学物理学教授，奥地利科学院院长、美国科学院外籍院士和中国科学院外籍院士。长期从事量子物理和量子信息研究，是国际上量子物理基础检验和量子信息领域的先驱和重要开拓者。以发现光子的量子纠缠而知名。

获奖成果

Entangled states – from theory to technology

Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger have each conducted groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, where two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated. Their results have cleared the way for new technology based upon quantum information.

The ineffable effects of quantum mechanics are starting to find applications. There is now a large field of research that includes quantum computers, quantum networks and secure quantum encrypted communication.

One key factor in this development is how quantum mechanics allows two or more particles to exist in what is called an entangled state. What happens to one of the particles in an entangled pair determines what happens to the other particle, even if they are far apart.

For a long time, the question was whether the correlation was because the particles in an entangled pair contained hidden variables, instructions that tell them which result they should give in an experiment. In the 1960s, John Stewart Bell developed the mathematical inequality that is named after him. This states that if there are hidden variables, the correlation between the results of a large number of measurements will never exceed a certain value. However, quantum mechanics predicts that a certain type of experiment will violate Bell’s inequality, thus resulting in a stronger correlation than would otherwise be possible.

John Clauser developed John Bell’s ideas, leading to a practical experiment. When he took the measurements, they supported quantum mechanics by clearly violating a Bell inequality. This means that quantum mechanics cannot be replaced by a theory that uses hidden variables.

Some loopholes remained after John Clauser’s experiment. Alain Aspect developed the setup, using it in a way that closed an important loophole. He was able to switch the measurement settings after an entangled pair had left its source, so the setting that existed when they were emitted could not affect the result.

Using refined tools and long series of experiments, Anton Zeilinger started to use entangled quantum states. Among other things, his research group has demonstrated a phenomenon called quantum teleportation, which makes it possible to move a quantum state from one particle to one at a distance.

“It has become increasingly clear that a new kind of quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the laureates’ work with entangled states is of great importance, even beyond the fundamental questions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics,” says Anders Irbäck, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.

诺贝尔物理学奖旨在奖励那些在物理学领域里作出突出贡献的科学家。迄今为止，诺贝尔物理学奖已颁发过115次，其中47次授予单一获奖者，32次由两位获奖者分享，36次由三位获奖者分享。约翰·巴丁是唯一曾在1956年和1972 年两次获得诺贝尔物理学奖的获奖者。2021年诺贝尔物理学奖授予研究复杂系统的两组人，共三名物理学家，一组是研究地球气候系统，一组是研究从原子到行星尺度的复杂物理系统。

诺贝尔奖是以瑞典著名化学家、硝化甘油炸药发明人阿尔弗雷德·贝恩哈德·诺贝尔的部分遗产作为基金创立的，诺贝尔奖包括金质奖章、证书和奖金支票。在遗嘱中他提出，将部分遗产（920万美元）作为基金，以其利息分设物理、化学、生理或医学、文学及和平（后添加了‘经济’奖）5种奖金，授予世界各国在这些领域对人类做出重大贡献的学者。